Improve scripting and its experience in Scribus
Introduction
The potential of the scripting interface seems highly underestimated. You can
- add features without knowing C++ and without recompiling
- make something which directly fits your own needs
- automate repetitive tasks to improve usability and to save time
- test ideas - Python is great for prototyping and sometimes it makes more sense to improve the prototype instead of rewriting everything in C++
I actually have written prototypes (among others) of
- new-document-wizards
- spell checkers
- importers for exotic file formats
- connectors to databases and content management systems
- GUI hacks (full screen mode, tear-off menus etc.)
Current problems
As you see in the current state scripter is already powerful but it lacks
- full integration into the GUI and the core: Scripts cannot easily add menu entries or toolbar icons, save settings into the Scribus configuration file, etc. [CR: This will probably need a decently designed public C++ API for Scribus, plus a SIP wrapper for it]
- completeness: While writing scripts you sometimes find things which are still missing. For example there is a function to zoom the document view. But there lacks a function to get the current zoom factor. [CR: Again, need a real public API in C++ to make any kind of completeness effort viable and maintainable]
- ease of use: The script console is really minimalistic and needs improvement. Also there is no standard way to distribute and install scripts.
- security: Scripter should warn you if a script wants to import a module which can access the file system. The user should be asked if he trusts a script. [CR: unfortunately the first part of this is not viable, though the second is - see below]
Security
Python has absolutely no way to ensure that code can be "checked" a-la perl restricted mode or Java's bytecode security model. The restricted python mode was proven to be ineffective and has been removed. Every suggestion anybody has ever come up with as to how to restrict Python programs with the CPython interpreter has been proven to be breakable (see innumerable discussions on the newsgroup - I won't repeat the whole large topic here). Under these circumstances we would be instilling a false sense of security by offering any sort of restricted mode to users.
If you want a secure language for automation, embed Lua, (maybe) Qt Script for Applications (an ECMAScript/JavaScript implementation), or even restricted mode Java. Python is not suitable.
What we need to do is ensure that documents either (a) can NEVER embed scripts, or (b) can embed scripts but ONLY run them if the user specifically turns that on in the prefs AND accepts a prompt when opening the document. We might use a signing scheme to permit the prompt to be disabled for trusted script publishers as nominated by the user. This prevents the document virus problem we see in MS Office.
Personally I don't think we should permit script embedding in documents at all. Make the user install the script and understand that by doing so they give it the same rights as any other program they install on the system. If we want to support script embedding, we're better off choosing a more restricted language for that and leaving Python for extending the app and for advanced scripting with GUIs etc.
Answer to CR: I am aware of the problems with restricted execution and I also believe there is no ideal solution. But I think the security issue needs to be addressed nevertheless and a little more security is better than no security. In most cases insecure scripts are just bad code containing errors which might harm the system and are no trojans. So:
- Warn the user that an unsigned script cannot be trusted and that he runs it on his own risk and that the script can do everything the current user can do. (Most users are not aware that this is possible at all). [CR: Agreed]
- Use import hooks and tell the user that a script e.g. accesses the "os" or "posix" module. [CR: Couldn't disagree more. See the security notes.]
- Wrap builtins like "open". There are ways to circumvent the wrapped functions (see link below) but only trojans do this and it would a least help for simple scripts. [CR: As per last. ]
- Make a repository of trusted scripts (needs some kind of skilled moderators). [CR: This seems like an excellent idea to me, and would fit in well with a signing scheme.]
- Evaluate RestrictedPython from Zope which proves to work in Zope and is not related to the old rpython/Bastion modules.
CR: continuation
I very strongly disagree with the idea of trying to use import hooks and builtin wrappers to provide any sort of access control - or even for information purposes. Such techniques are easily bypassed by malicious users, and more importantly will impart a false sense of security to users. Furthermore, if we have an effective restricted execution environment such measures will be unnecessary, since programs *can't* access the file system etc.
RestrictedPython looks more interesting, in that it takes a saner "ban it until it's proven safe" approach. I'm still not overly convinced, though, and will want to see some strong evidence it's solid. Preferably a BFDL endorsement ;-) . In short, I don't have hard evidence against it yet but past experience with people's attempts to create restricted Python runtimes makes me dubious. The last thing we want is anything that makes users think running scripts from Joe Random is safe if we can't absolutely guarantee that's the case.
In particular, I think that combining the idea of restricted execution with any use of SIP or PyQt is raving lunacy... somewhat akin to giving a loaded handgun to a toddler, but saying it's safe because the safety catch is on. PyQt in particular gives the programmer pretty much free reign to do whatever they want.
The Scribus team has long wanted to get rid of the current Python interface completely, and replace it with a scratch rewrite. To do this, we've been planning on writing a pure C++ wrapper around Scribus's internal implementation. This interface will be available for plugins to use directly, and will be friendly for wrapper generators like SIP. That means that a Python interface will have similar capabilities to what plugins can do (especially if we use SIP and PyQt). It'd save a bunch of work, produce a much cleaner and massively more functional Python interface - and it'll do so without all the hideous hand-coded functions we currently have. Users could use Python's database interface modules and all its other functionality to create very powerful extensions to Scribus, including whole new dialogs etc (with PyQt) and extensions to select parts of the current Scribus GUI*. They'd also be able to make use of hooks to listen on certain events in the Scribus core and (maybe) redirect or block them. By using SIP to wrap the C++ interface we can actually do a lot of this quite easily.
The downside of the above is that making it secure is almost certainly wishful thinking.
I think a limited and more secure scripting interface is a completely different problem to providing a more complete and powerful scripting interface for Python. These two functions really couldn't be more different, and I honestly think we'd be better off providing totally different interfaces for them. Perhaps this can be done with Python too (in the _same_ interpreter instance as the unrestricted mode, remember) ... but I'm still not convinced. I remain of the view that such a restricted interface would be much better done using something like lua+SWIG or Qt Script for Applications. Both lua and QSA are built on more of a "you can't do it unless the developer exposes it" model rather than a completely open model like Python.
Another issue you're probably not familiar with is that of sub-interpreters. Python's sub-intepreter feature (used to provide isolation of different scripts) is not really designed for single-threaded use in an app like Scribus. It's more for things like mod_python in servers. Sub interpreters are causing us a lot of pain in the scripter at the moment, and do not look like they'll ever get improved in Python so they'll fit our needs. Things like PyQt simply do not work within subinterpreters. However, if we drop the use of sub interpreters, scripts will need to be very aware of the shared __main__ namespace, shared module state, etc, and will need to be written more carefully. Currently we support both - the user can run a script in the top level interpreter (for PyQt use etc) or in a subinterpreter. This causes its own problems.
I think that's another reason to pick a different tool that's designed from the beginning for the restricted scripting uses we want. Yes, this does mean that there'd be two different scripting languages - a "power scripting and extension writing" environment and an "application automation" environment. Essentially, Python scripts would become plug-ins, with a more suitable language used for basic scripting tasks. In a way I think that's a good thing, especially if we used JavaScript (QSA). Many apps, such as the Adobe suite, use JavaScript/ECMAScript for automation and scripting, so this fits in much better with common practice. In the OSS world, Perl and LISP-variant languages are more common for embedding ... and I for one wouldn't inflict either of those on a Scribus user.
I would like to stress at this point that I am EXTREMELY happy that you're interested in the scripting interface and in working on it. My only problem is with the security issue... and I think that should simply be left wide open for Python scripts, with some non-scripting safeguards such as script signing and the total inability to embed Python scripts in documents.
- [ in fact I've done much of this already, as has Henning. It's possible within limits to extend Scribus's GUI from Python and it's quite practical to write additional PyQt UI in floating palettes, dialogs, etc. ]
How to make scripting situation better
So what is needed?
For the user
- a standard way to find and to install extensions and scripts from the web, preferably from a trusted repository
- scripts look and behave as native parts of Scribus
For the developer
- specifications on how scripts can be integrated with Scribus
- more example scripts / extensions to see what is possible and how to make use of Scribus' features
- completed missing functionally
My idea
So I propose writing an extension manager for Scribus together with some example scripts and extensions.
This will probably help to find missing functionally and integration issues. Currently it is very easy to write scripts and this should not become harder by adding this new layer.
Mozilla Firefox shows what is possible with easily installable extensions. People without knowledge of C-programming can realize crazy ideas and useful features. A lot of the popularity of Firefox comes from its add-ons.
[CR: The very first step we need is a sane internal API that we can expose for scripts to use - including SIP wrappers for parts of the GUI that we want to open up for manipulation, etc. Discovery through Qt's parent/child mechanism is limited and clumsy. With a decent C++ API and a SIP wrapper we can start making more sane, powerful scripts - and can probably integrate script management into the existing plugin manager.]
Answer to CR: Of course it would be great to have direct access to all objects and their methods. And this would be a great final goal. Currently with the introspection features of Qt (children, queryList, allWidgets, ..) you can only get the base classes, so you get QMainWindow and not ScribusMainWindow. Wrapping everything with SIP is a large task and I think it should be done bit by bit when something is needed. I am currently looking what needs to be done to wrap Scribus classes with sip. As an interim solution it would already helpful for finding an widget if most widgets in Scribus would have an internal name which can be set with QObject.setName or with the constructor. Then already a lot is possible. Hooking into the GUI, responding to signals etc can be done.
Implementation details
The GUI part will use the PyQt library which can directly integrate with the Scribus GUI. PyQt is available on all platforms where Qt is available and also supports Qt4 which Scribus will soon use. Nearly all Linux distributions contain PyQt and some like Kubuntu install it by default.
Most parts of the extension manager can be implemented in pure Python and rely on the already available hooks in scripter. Besides some stuff has to be added:
- functions to get the configuration directory and the program directory
- some widgets need to have a name so PyQt can find and access them
- (more to come soon)
See the links below to see that I already have experience in this area.
